Requirements for honey quality indicators. Veterinary and sanitary requirements for the quality and safety of honey

08.03.2020 pies

Honey is a natural product of sweet taste and complex "honey" aroma. Sugars are the main component of honey. The total content of monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) in honey is 68-73, sucrose - 2-5%. The sugars of honey are easily digestible. The high degree of sweetness of honey is associated with the presence of fructose - 27-44%. The use of honey is recommended for the prevention and treatment of diseases of the liver, heart, stomach, and respiratory tract. Honey refers to products that can withstand long-term storage.

Classification of honey. According to botanical origin, natural honey is divided into flower, honeydew and mixed (a natural mixture of flower and honeydew honey). Bees produce flower honey from flower nectars - sweet juice, specific in aroma and taste for each plant species, containing up to 40% sugars. Flower honey can be monofloral (linden, acacia, buckwheat, cotton, etc.) and polyfloral (mountain, steppe, Bashkir, etc.), i.e. honey collected from the flowers of various plants and labeled as a mixed flower.

Honeydew honey is obtained as a result of the processing of honeydew and honeydew collected from the leaves and stems of plants by bees.

It is designated by tree species - honeydew from deciduous, coniferous species. It has lower consumer properties, but higher therapeutic and prophylactic properties. In honeydew honey, compared to flower honey, there is less glucose and fructose, more sucrose, nitrogen-containing, minerals, especially potassium and phosphorus.

Mixed honey can be combined or honeydew, depending on the predominant source from which it is obtained.

Types and names of honey are distinguished by characteristic features: color, taste, aroma. The most common linden honey is light yellow, transparent, with a delicate aroma of linden blossom; white acacia - watery-transparent, delicate taste and aroma; buckwheat - dark brown with a reddish tint, opaque, with a strong aroma, very sweet; honeydew honey in most cases of dark tones, may have an unpleasant aroma, its taste is worse than that of flower honey. Bees can produce honey from sugar syrup, but such honey cannot be classified as natural.

According to the method of extraction and processing, honey is divided into honeycomb, sectional and centrifugal. Centrifugal honey can be liquid or crystallized.

Honey production technology also includes the following operations: work with colonies in the spring, the formation of strong bee colonies, the preparation of bee nests for wintering and the wintering of bee colonies.

Cell printout. Before pumping honeycomb print out - removing the wax caps of the cells (zabrus) by cutting, piercing or knocking them down. To open honeycombs, knives are used that are heated in hot water, steam, with the help of electricity or driven in reciprocating motion (vibration knife) while heating with steam. It is promising to use needle vibroknives and chain, partially or fully automatic devices for unpacking honeycombs. The working system of these devices is formed by thin chains on two rollers rotating in different directions. A honeycomb is inserted between the rotating rollers, from which the lids are knocked off in chains.

Extraction of honey. Obtaining high-grade honey begins with an apiary. Honey should be pumped out of store combs; honey pumped from brood combs contains more pollen, making it difficult to filter. Honey is pumped out in a room inaccessible to bees. The pumping area must be very clean, as well as the area with the combs, where they are before processing. If processing takes place outdoors, it should not be done on a windy or rainy day.

All surfaces, hands and containers in contact with honey must be sterile clean. Machining centers should be located near sources of clean water. The sanitary condition of the premises in which honey is pumped out must comply with sanitary and hygienic standards.

Tanks and processing equipment should be made taking into account the possible acidity of the products. Copper, iron and zinc dissolve when exposed to honey and can affect the color, taste and toxicity of products. For storage and processing of honey products, corrosion-resistant steel, glass, plastic for packaging should be used. food products. Zinc can be used for short term storage.

Honey is pumped out of the combs by means of a honey extractor. The axle, and with it the cassettes, is driven manually or by an electric motor. Under the influence of centrifugal force, honey flows out of the cells and along the wall of the honey extractor falls to its bottom. Depending on the location of the cassettes, there are two types of honey extractors: chordal and radial. Radial honey extractors have greater productivity - they can immediately pump out honey from 60 combs.

The time required for centrifugation depends on the variety, viscosity, water content of honey and its temperature. To speed up centrifugation, honey must be pumped out immediately after extraction from the hive or the room where the pumping takes place must be heated.

Cleaning and filtering honey. Purification of mechanical impurities, such as wax particles and air bubbles that got into the honey during centrifugation. It is produced in two ways - settling and filtering.

For settling, centrifuged honey is placed in a deep container. During settling, light particles float to the surface, while mineral and metal particles sink to the bottom. Then the top layer is carefully removed, and the honey is poured into another bowl so as not to disturb the particles settled at the bottom. Settling speed depends on particle size (settling of fine particles takes longer), container size and honey viscosity, i.e. water content and temperature. At 25-30°C settling is usually quite fast and may take only a few days. Containers must be tightly closed to avoid excessive air entry. Subsequent settling frees honey from air and foam. If the containers are large enough, honey from different bee families is mixed, thus achieving the integrity of the finished product.

Settling is especially necessary if honey with a moisture content above 20% has been centrifuged. The reduction in water content can be accelerated by blowing warm air over the sumps and periodically stirring the honey, as well as pouring the honey into wide and shallow trays.

Excess water can be eliminated prior to centrifugation by placing honey in combs in a room heated with warm air at 38°C. Filtration can be used instead of or together with settling; filters of various modifications are used for it.

High-quality filtration is obtained with simultaneous pasteurization (heating up to 77-78 °C). This allows all small particles, including pollen, to be removed, which slows down crystallization for a longer period. Since some useful substances are destroyed when heated, this honey is forbidden to be sold as premium honey in European countries.

Heating (dissolution) of honey. Heating is used primarily to liquefy crystallized honey before bottling, to reduce its viscosity before filtering and settling, to kill fermenting osmophilic yeasts, to melt germ crystals, to keep the honey in a liquid state, and so on. When heating honey, various temperature regimes are used.

The existing method of dissolving honey in a metal container using traditional heat has a number of significant drawbacks. These include the duration of the process of dissolving honey - from 14 hours to 2 days, which negatively affects the preservation of the quality of the processed product, as well as the composition of sugars changes, enzymes are destroyed, the antimicrobial activity of honey decreases, volatile substances (phytoncides and essential oils) are lost. With prolonged exposure to heat on honey, a toxic substance appears in it - hydroxymethylfurfural. The process itself is uneconomical due to large heat losses to the surrounding space and the need for significant areas for the thermal hall, baths and boiler rooms.

To eliminate the above disadvantages, two technologies for dissolving honey have been developed. Dissolution of honey crystallized in combs with simultaneous pumping. The process of liquefaction in honey combs and its pumping are reduced from 12-24 hours to 15 minutes, the purity of pumping increases from 92 to 99%, the quality of honey is completely preserved, and breakage of combs is excluded. Thermal halls and heat chambers are not required, the working conditions of service personnel are improved, since the process takes place at room temperature, and the consumption of thermal energy for heat radiation is reduced.

The dissolution of honey using the energy of the electromagnetic field. Under the influence of an electromagnetic field, the dipoles of water begin to oscillate with the frequency of this field. Due to the friction of the dipoles between themselves, heat arises, which is transferred to the microparticles of honey and liquefies it. The heating process is volumetric, in contrast to the traditional transfer of heat from layer to layer. The heating process is inertialess and controlled, that is, when the field is removed, the heating stops. The heating rate depends on the power supplied to the volume of honey by the energy of the electromagnetic field, and the depth of penetration of energy into the product is determined by the frequency of the electromagnetic field and the moisture content of honey. The higher both of these indicators, the smaller the penetration depth.

Pasteurization of honey is used in cases where it is necessary to destroy osmophilic yeast or melt germinal crystals. The resulting honey remains liquid for a long time and does not turn sour. During pasteurization, honey is heated to 77-78 ° C for 6-7 minutes in tube or plate pasteurizers heated with warm water according to the counterflow principle.

Blending of honey is carried out to obtain a product of the desired quality. The process is a mixing of different varieties of honey. Usually blended honey with a weak aroma and taste and honey with spicy taste and strong aroma.

Honey quality indicators. It should have a thick viscous consistency characteristic of a mature product. The taste is sweet, without foreign taste, the aroma is natural, pleasant, from weak to well pronounced, without foreign odors.

The color of honey is natural, without impurities. Foreign impurities (bees, larvae, wax, etc.), foaming, gas evolution, fermentation, foreign smell and taste are not allowed in honey.

Physical and chemical indicators of honey quality: moisture not more than 21%, mass fraction of reducing sugars and sucrose, diastase number (characterizes the activity of enzymes). Honey should not contain hydroxymethylfurfural. The presence of this substance indicates prolonged heating of honey, during which enzymes die and it loses its medicinal value, or honey is falsified with molasses, invert syrup.

Honey is packaged in barrels made of beech, birch, linden, except for spruce, pine, oak, in stainless steel flasks tinned with food tin. For small packaging of honey, containers of different capacities, configurations, from various materials (glass, tin, molded cardboard with a special gasket, polymer) are used. For packaging honey, especially crystallized, it is heated to a temperature of 40-500C to reduce viscosity. The container is filled with honey no more than 95% of its volume and hermetically sealed. Then honey in consumer packaging is labeled and packed in boxes.

Honey can be stored for a long time. But only mature honey is stable; having a moisture content of not more than 21%. Relative humidity in the room for storing honey should be about 70%, the temperature should not exceed 200C. With low air humidity and leakage of the container, honey can dry out, and with high humidity, it can become moistened.

Some types of bacteria can develop in honey, alcohol, acetic fermentation can occur. Soured honey is only suitable for industrial processing. Mature benign honey during storage gives a cage - it crystallizes. This is a natural process that does not impair the quality of honey. The more glucose in honey, the higher its ability to crystallize. Honey crystallizes most rapidly at a temperature of 14-240C, and at a temperature of 27-320C it remains liquid.

Crystals in honey can be coarse-grained - more than 0.5 mm; fine-grained - less than 0.5 mm and greasy - indistinguishable to the naked eye.

For various reasons, a syrupy layer can form on the surface of crystallized honey. Such honey is unsuitable for long-term storage. At long-term storage honey can reduce or lose its medicinal and taste properties, as enzymes are destroyed, by-products of sugar conversion accumulate, color changes.

Artificial honey is obtained by inversion of sucrose. When acidified sugar syrup is heated, sucrose decomposes into glucose and fructose, which in composition brings the product closer to natural honey. To give the best taste properties a little natural honey or honey essence is added to the inverted syrup.

Artificial honey has a viscous consistency, should be transparent, without turbidity and sediment, foreign inclusions. Its color is from light to dark yellow. A darker color is a sign of prolonged heating. The taste of artificial honey is sweet, the aroma is pleasant, honey. Mass fraction of solids 78%, including at least 60% reducing substances. Packed artificial honey in jars with a net weight of up to 1 kg, for industrial processing - in barrels up to 100 kg with a polymer insert; the closure of the container is hermetic. Store at a temperature from 0 to 200C and relative humidity of air no more than 75% in barrels and flasks up to 9 months. from the moment of manufacture, packaged in glass jars- up to 2 years.

Beeswax is a solid granular substance synthesized by worker bees. This miraculous product has not yet been created artificially. The secret of obtaining wax is known only to bees.

Bees have eight special wax glands on their abdomens, located under four pairs of wax mirrors (the so-called thinner chitinous sections of the segments of the abdomen of bees) and secrete wax onto their surface. Under the action of air, the wax protruding from the glands solidifies on wax mirrors in the form of tiny translucent plates. This is an excellent material for building cells for honey, pollen and for the development of offspring. They also seal the cells with honey with wax.

Bee wax is obtained by melting honeycombs, wax scraps and caps. It is white, light yellow or gray in color, has a uniform granular structure and a natural waxy smell.

Production wax is obtained at wax factories during the processing of apiary effusions. It differs from apiary in a specific smell and a number of physical indicators.

Wax is a biologically active product with high bactericidal properties that are not lost even after technical processing. It has long been used in medicine. Ancient people knew about the anti-inflammatory, wound healing and softening properties of beeswax. So, with angina, Hippocrates recommended applying a layer of wax to the neck.

bee venom- a product of the activity of poisonous glands, the ducts of which go into a sting. It is produced by bees and queens (drones do not have poisonous glands and stinging apparatus). With one sting, the bee releases 0.2-0.7 mg of poison (apitoxin), it is a white, colorless, thick liquid, with a bitter, burning taste. Its smell is sharp, reminiscent of the smell of honey. The amount of solids is about 41%.

The chemical composition of bee venom is quite diverse and has not yet been fully studied.

Royal jelly "apilak"(also called "royal jelly") is a unique active product produced by bees.

The composition of royal jelly includes many of the elements that the body needs, due to which this substance is both a food product and a medicine that restores living cells, and has both a strengthening and rejuvenating effect on the human body.

bee balm- its second name. What is propolis? It is a fragrant natural substance with a persistent and very pleasant balsamic smell. It smells of honey and wax, poplar and birch buds. Propolis is produced by bees from resinous substances of plant origin, collected by them from the buds, young branches and leaves of trees. Propolis has a complex chemical composition. It contains aromatic substances, resins, flavones, minerals - these are 55% resins, 30% wax substances, 10% essential oils, 5% pollen, rich in vitamins and trace elements.

Bee honey is a product of the processing of nectar or molasses by honey bees, which is a sweet, aromatic, syrupy liquid or crystallized mass. Bee honey is a valuable dietary food product, used in the food industry for the manufacture of many confectionery, honey drinks.

Types of honey.

According to botanical origin, natural bee honey is divided into flower, honeydew and mixed (a natural mixture of flower and honeydew honey).

Floral honey is obtained as a result of the collection and processing of flower nectar by bees. It can be monofloral - from the nectar of one plant and polyfloral (combined) - from the nectar of several plants.

Monofloral honey. They are determined by the type of the main nectar-bearing plant: linden, sunflower, buckwheat, cotton, sainfoin, coriander, etc.

Linden honey has a light yellow or light amber color. It has a pronounced aroma of linden flowers, which includes farnesol and other terpenoid compounds. In liquid form, linden honey is transparent, like water, with a greenish tint.

Linden honey crystallizes at room temperature within 1-2 months into a fine-grained, fat-like or coarse-grained mass.

Sunflower honey is a light golden color that intensifies when exposed to sunlight. It has delicate fragrance sunflower, which contains farnesol, α-terpineol, α-terpinene, α-pinene and other terpenoid compounds. It crystallizes very quickly - within a month after it is pumped out of the combs.

Acacia honey has a white color with a greenish tint, a delicate and delicate aroma. Honey contains robinin, acacin, volatile oils. Acacia honey may not crystallize for a long time at room temperature. It crystallizes as a fine-grained mass, acquiring a color from white to golden yellow.

Clover honey is known in 2 types. White clover honey in liquid form is white, transparent with a greenish tinge, has a delicate and delicate aroma. Honey contains flavonoids, volatile oils, phenolic compounds, resins, coumarin derivatives. During crystallization, it takes the form of a white fat-like mass. Crystallizes within 1-2 months. It has a delicate taste.

Red clover honey is reddish-yellow in color and crystallizes relatively slowly.

Sainfoin honey has a white color, sometimes with a greenish tinge, a delicate and delicate aroma, and a pleasant, moderately sweet taste. It crystallizes into a fine-grained or greasy mass within 1-2 months.

Raspberry honey belongs to light honey highest quality. In liquid form - white or transparent, like water, in crystallized form - white with a creamy tint. It crystallizes into fine and coarse-grained mass. It has a delicate aroma and delicate taste.

Cotton honey has a delicate and peculiar aroma, pleasant taste. It crystallizes into a coarse-grained mass for 2 or more months.

Fireweed honey in liquid form is transparent, greenish in color, in a thickened state it is almost white. It crystallizes quickly and has a fine-grained or greasy mass. The aroma is very delicate, the taste is pleasant, sweet.

Sweet clover - honey from sweet clover. Color from white to light amber. It crystallizes quickly, forming a coarse-grained or fine-grained mass, sweet without aftertaste, the aroma resembles vanilla.

Buckwheat honey is dark yellow to dark brown in color. It has a sharp taste and a peculiar aroma.

Coriander honey has a dark color, a characteristic specific aftertaste. Honey contains terpenoid compounds that give it a specific flavor. It crystallizes within 1-2 months into a coarse-grained or greasy mass.

Heather honey is characterized by dark amber or red-brown color, strong specific aroma, tart taste. It crystallizes very poorly, when crystallized honey is microscopically seen, needle-shaped crystals are visible, which distinguishes this honey from others.

Polyfloral honey. Designated as a flower team and is usually called according to the place of collection: meadow, mountain, steppe. Its color is from white to dark with various shades, aroma and taste - from delicate, pleasant to sharp unpleasant with different aftertastes. It crystallizes into a fine-grained to coarse-grained mass.

stone honey wild bees lay in the crevices of rocks. It is light in color, has a pleasant taste and good aroma, contains a lot of glucose, is slightly hygroscopic, hard as a lollipop.

honeydew honey- from coniferous trees. It has a color from light to dark amber, viscous, viscous, sometimes unpleasant bitter or sour taste and a peculiar aroma. This type of honey contains volatile oils and resins rich in γ-pinene, β-pinene, phellandrene, limonene, anisealdehyde, tertiary terpene alcohols and other compounds. It crystallizes slowly into a fine-grained or coarse-grained mass. Some types of honey are classified as poisonous.

mixed honey referred to as mixed floral or honeydew, depending on the predominant source from which it is derived.

According to the method of obtaining honey can be centrifugal, pressed and honeycomb.

sugar honey bees are made from sugar syrup. The resulting sugar honey, like natural honey, consists of a mixture of glucose and fructose. According to the main physical and chemical indicators and organoleptic properties, it is difficult to distinguish this honey from natural flower honey.

Vitamin and healing honey bees are made from sugar syrup with the addition of syrups and juices rich in vitamins. However, an increased content of vitamins in such honeys is not detected, since the bees change their amount to the level of soybean requirements. According to the main indicators, this honey is no different from sugar and is also a fake.

artificial honey obtained from sugar without the participation of a bee. In appearance, it is similar to bee honey, but differs from it in chemical composition and nutritional and dietary properties.

Formation of honey quality. The products harvested by bees to form honey are plant fluids containing raw sugars as well as honeydew produced by insects.

The total sugar content in nectar varies from 3 to 80% depending on the type of plant, time of day and season, humidity of air and soil. In addition to sugars, nectar contains a small amount of other substances: nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, enzymes, organic acids, vitamins, ash elements, volatile, antimicrobial and some other compounds that give the honey obtained from it characteristic features.

In warm and dry weather, a significant part of the moisture evaporates in the hives, and when the humidity reaches 35-40%, semi-ripe honey is deposited by bees in free cells. The subsequent maturation of honey occurs in the cells of the honeycombs under the influence of enzymes, and the moisture evaporates in a stream of dry air through the ventilation system of the hive. So, raw material containing 25-40% dry matter turns into semi-ripe honey and already contains about 60-65% dry matter. When honey contains about 20% moisture, the cells are sealed by bees.

The changes that occur during the formation of honey are still not well understood. An increase in the concentration of mineral and organic acids and ash elements as a result of moisture evaporation leads to the formation of a certain buffer system of honey.

The assessment of the quality of honey is carried out according to organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators in accordance with GOST 19792-87.

From the organoleptic indicators in honey, color, taste, aroma, texture, the presence of impurities, signs of fermentation are determined.

Physical and chemical indicators of the quality of honey give a more accurate description of its composition and properties. Of these, the following are determined: humidity, content of sucrose and reducing sugars, diastase number, content of hydroxymethylfurfural.

Honey defects include: high moisture content of honey (over 21%), fermentation, foaming, loose white layer on the surface, secretion of a dark liquid on the surface, darkening, extraneous odors.

Bee honey after pumping out of the combs is placed in various storage facilities with different temperature and humidity conditions. Subject to storage conditions in a properly selected container, honey can be stored for a long time.

When storing honey in an unheated room, it is necessary to place a container with honey on pallets at a distance of at least 0.2 m from the floor and 0.5 m from the walls in 2-3 tiers, with filling holes up. The temperature of honey should be no higher than 20ºС with humidity up to 21%. With a water content of more than 21%, the temperature should not exceed 10ºС.

Storage of honey in heated warehouses with controlled temperature is carried out on pallets and trays. Temperature conditions are the same as in unheated rooms. The shelf life of honey is 2 years.

When storing honey, the commodity neighborhood must be observed. You can not store with honey pungent products, dusty substances, as well as fruits, vegetables and products of their processing in leaky containers. It is impossible to store bee honey in refrigerated low-temperature chambers.

The quality assessment of natural bee honey is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 19792-87, which applies to honey harvested and sold in various trade enterprises all forms of ownership. In accordance with GOST 19792-87, natural honey in terms of organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters must meet the following requirements, which are presented in Table 8.

Table 5 - Organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters of natural honey according to GOST 19792-87

Indicators	Characteristics of honey quality and norm
All types, except honey from white acacia and cotton	From white acacia	From cotton
	Pleasant, low to strong, no foreign odor	Pleasant, tender, characteristic of cotton honey
	Sweet, pleasant, without foreign aftertaste
The result of pollen analysis		The presence of pollen grains
white locust	cotton
Mass fraction of water, % no more
Mass fraction of reducing sugars (to anhydrous substance), %, not less than
Mass fraction of sucrose (to anhydrous substance),%, no more
Diastase number (to anhydrous substance), units Gothe, no less
Oxymethylfurfural, mc/kg of honey, no more
Qualitative reaction to hydroxymethylfurfural	negative
Mechanical impurities	Not allowed
Signs of fermentation
Mass fraction of tin, %

In the commodity examination of honey, organoleptic and measuring methods are mainly used. The need for laboratory research of honey arises in cases of its identification (floral, honeydew, monofloral or polyfloral), quality determination, falsifications, or when certain indicators of honey quality cause controversy.

To identify and evaluate the quality of honey, an organoleptic study is carried out (the appearance and consistency of honey, its color, aroma, taste, the presence of mechanical impurities and signs of fermentation are determined) in combination with laboratory methods (the content of water, reducing sugars and sucrose, Diastase number, total acidity, the amount of hydroxymethylfurfural, put reactions to various falsifications, etc.).

To determine the quality of honey, average samples are taken. The average sample is a part of honey that characterizes the amount of the entire batch of the product. A batch is any amount of honey of the same botanical origin and year of collection, homogeneous in terms of organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters, one technological treatment and simultaneously delivered for sale.

Of the organoleptic indicators in honey, color, taste, aroma, consistency, the presence of impurities, signs of fermentation are checked.

Color honey. One of the most important indicators of the quality of this product, characterizing to a certain extent its botanical origin. It depends mainly on the nature of the coloring substances contained in the nectar. The color of honey is also influenced by its origin, the time of collection and the place of growth of honey plants. Depending on the color, colorless honey (transparent, white) is distinguished - white acacia, fireweed, cotton, raspberry, white clover, white clover; light amber (light yellow) - linden, yellow clover, yellow clover, sage, sainfoin, field, steppe; amber (yellow) - mustard, sunflower, pumpkin, cucumber, coriander, alfalfa, meadow; dark amber (dark yellow) - buckwheat, heather, chestnut, tobacco, forest; dark (with various shades) - some honeydew honeys, citrus, cherry (almost black), couscous (red), etc.

When heated and stored for a long time, honey darkens, in a crystallized state it has a lighter color, since the precipitated glucose crystals are white.

The color of honey is determined organoleptically using a Pfund comparator or on a photoelectrocalorimeter.

Usage physical methods allows you to accurately set the color of honey in accordance with the color scale (Table 6).

Table 6 - Color classes of honey and their corresponding values of optical densities and Pfund scale

Aroma honey is due to a complex of aromatic substances. Each type of honey has a specific, peculiar only to him, aroma of flowers - sources of nectar. Based on this indicator, one can judge the quality and, to some extent, the botanical origin of honey. The intensity of the aroma depends on the quality and composition of the volatile aromatic compounds.

The evaluation of the aroma is carried out twice: before and during the determination of taste, since the aroma is enhanced when honey is in the oral cavity. In the absence of aroma or its insufficient severity, honey must be heated. A sample of honey (about 40 g), tightly closed in a glass. Placed in water bath(40-45 ºC) for 10 minutes, then remove the lid and determine the aroma, which is the most objective indicator in the organoleptic evaluation of honey. It can be weak, strong, gentle. subtle, with a pleasant and unpleasant odor. Some types of honey (clover, buckwheat, heather, linden, willow) are very aromatic. They have the smell of flowers from which they are collected, and such as fireweed, sunflower, rapeseed, have a slight floral aroma.

The aroma can serve as a criterion for the rejection of honey (odors unusual for honey). The floral aroma of honey disappears during fermentation, prolonged and intense heating, long storage, with the addition of inverted, beet and cane sugar syrups, molasses, as well as when feeding bees with sugar syrup.

It should be borne in mind that some honeydew honeys have an unattractive and even unpleasant odor. A weak aroma is usually found in old and heated honey.

Taste honey is usually sweet, pleasant. The sweetness of honey depends on the concentration of sugars and their type. The sweetest, sugary taste has white acacia, as well as honey with fruit trees with high fructose content. The best in terms of taste are such types of honey as linden, white acacia, sainfoin, clover, fireweed, sweet clover, raspberry, etc.; lower quality are heather, honeydew, eucalyptus. Some varieties of honey, such as chestnut, tobacco, willow, honeydew, have a peculiar bitterness that can be very strong.

Honey aged at high temperature has a caramel flavor, which is unacceptable. Honey with excessively sour, rancid, moldy and fermented tastes is also unacceptable.

Natural honey irritates the mucous membrane of the mouth and larynx when it is consumed due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds that pass into honey with nectar. Sugar honey does not give such perception.

The taste of honey is determined after preliminary heating of the honey sample to 30°C in a closed glass box.

The sale of honey with sour, bitter and other unpleasant flavors is prohibited. A slightly bitter taste is allowed in chestnut, willow, tobacco and honeydew honey.

Consistency honey depends on its chemical composition, temperature, shelf life. According to the consistency of liquid honey, its water content and maturity are judged. It can be liquid, viscous, very viscous, dense or mixed. Freshly extracted honey is a viscous syrupy liquid. When flowing, a trickle of such honey resembles a roll of matter, which is folded in layers into a pyramid. On further storage, it crystallizes. The consistency is determined by immersing the spatula in honey (20ºC) and, raising the spatula above the solution, note the nature of the flow of honey. Overheated honey, when draining into a saucer, forms a hole.

Liquid honey - a small amount of honey remains on the spatula. Which flows down small threads and drops. The liquid consistency is specific for the following freshly extracted ripened honeys: acacia, fireweed, clover, as well as for all types of honey with a high moisture content (more than 21%).

Viscous honey - a significant amount of honey remains on the spatula, it flows down with rare threads and elongated drops. This consistency is inherent in most types of ripe flower honey.

Very viscous honey - a significant amount of honey remains on the spatula, it flows down in rare thick threads that do not form separate drops. This consistency is typical for heather, eucalyptus and honeydew honey, and is also observed during the nucleation of glucose crystals during the crystallization of other types of flower honey.

Dense consistency - the spatula is immersed in honey as a result of the application of additional force. The honey has crystallized.

Mixed consistency - in honey, stratification into two parts is observed: at the bottom - precipitated glucose crystals, forming a continuous layer, and above it is the liquid part. It is observed during the crystallization of honey subjected to heat treatment, as well as in the first months of storage of honey, with falsification with sugar syrup.

Sometimes unripe honey is delivered to the market, but with signs of crystallization. In this case, it is divided into two layers: liquid and dense, and the ratio of layers is not the same - there is more liquid than dense. The water content of immature honey is always higher than the permissible value, and it is not allowed for sale.

If there is much less liquid sludge than dense sludge, then this indicates the storage of honey in an airtight container. Such honey after mixing is released for sale.

The presence of pollen impurities in honey determines the degree of its purity. Flower honey always contains pollen impurities. Its content is insignificant, but it enriches honey with vitamins, proteins, ash elements. The presence of pollen from a certain type of plant serves as confirmation of the botanical origin of honey. To establish the botanical type of honey, it is necessary that the percentage of pollen be not lower: for lavender - 10; sage - 20; acacia, heather, buckwheat, clover, linden, alfalfa, rapeseed, citrus - 30; sunflower - 35; chestnut, sainfoin - 45.

Mechanical impurities on natural, desirable (plant pollen), undesirable (corpses or parts of bees, pieces of honeycombs, larvae) and extraneous (dust, ash, pieces of various materials, etc.). In addition, they can be visible and invisible.

In the presence of the corpses of bees and their parts, larvae, the remains of honeycombs, honey is not released for sale, it is purified for further sale. When honey is contaminated with foreign particles (dust, ash, chips, sand, hair, etc.), it is rejected.

When organoleptically assessing honey, attention is paid to the presence of foam and signs of fermentation. Fermentation most often occurs in immature honey, in which the water content reaches 22% and above. This creates favorable conditions for the development of wild races of yeast, always contained in honey. Fermentation is manifested in the appearance a large number bubbles of carbon dioxide, sour smell and taste.

Physical and chemical indicators of honey quality give a more accurate description of its composition and properties, but they require special instruments and equipment. These indicators are determined in special laboratories of veterinary and sanitary services for food quality control, in certification laboratories and other organizations.

The procedure for determining the standard physical and chemical indicators of honey quality is described in the current GOST 19792-87.

In everyday practice, simpler and less time-consuming definitions of honey quality indicators are more often used. Moisture, sucrose and reducing sugar content, diastase number, hydroxymethylfurfural content, etc. are determined from physicochemical parameters.

Water content in honey characterizes its maturity and determines suitability for long-term storage. Mature honey has a moisture content of not more than 20%, crystallizes in homogeneous mass, can be stored for a long time without loss of natural virtues. Unripe honey quickly undergoes fermentation. The humidity of honey depends on the climatic conditions during the honey collection season, on the ratio of sugars (the more fructose, the higher the humidity), storage conditions.

The moisture content of honey allowed by GOST - 21% (for industrial processing and public - 25%) - is slightly higher than that which mature honey should have. This concession to beekeepers is due to the fact that in some regions of Russia, especially in Siberia and the Far East, honey comes with a moisture content of 21-22% or more. An increased water content can also be found in honey adulterated with water or liquid sugar syrup.

The moisture content of honey can be determined by the refractometric method (GOST 19792-87), also by the density of honey or its aqueous solution.

Determination of the quantitative content of reducing (inert) sugars in honey is based on the reduction of reducing sugars with Fehling's solution and their subsequent iodometric titration.

diastase number characterizes the activity of amylolytic enzymes and is an indicator of the degree of heating and duration of storage of honey.

The diastase number expresses the number of milliliters of a 1% solution of water-soluble starch, which is decomposed in one hour by the amylolytic enzymes contained in one gram of anhydrous honey. The determination of the diastase number is carried out by various methods, but in case of inconsistencies, its value is set only according to the standard method (GOST 19792).

The content of hydroxymethylfurfural characterizes the naturalness of honey and the degree of preservation of its natural qualities. When carbohydrate products are heated with acid, along with the breakdown of sucrose and starch into simple sugars there is a partial decomposition of glucose and fructose with the formation of hydroxymethyl furfural. The same reaction occurs when honey is heated at a temperature above 55ºC for 12 hours or when it is stored at room conditions (20 - 25ºC) in an aluminum container. The standard provides for a qualitative reaction to hydroxymethylfurfural. It must be negative and its quantitative content is normalized, not more than 25 mg/kg of honey.

General acidity honey is determined by vetsanekspertiza. An increased content of acids indicates the acidification of honey and the accumulation of acetic acid or an artificial inversion of sucrose in the presence of acids (artificial honey). Reduced acidity may be the result of falsification of honey with sugar syrup, starch, or processing of sugar syrup (sugar honey) by bees, etc.

Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Ural State University of Economics

COURSE WORK

Commodity characteristic honey

Yekaterinburg 2005

Introduction

1. Commodity characteristics and assortment of honey.

2. Nutritional value and chemical composition.

3. Requirements for quality.

4. Storage and possible defects.

5. Means and methods of falsification of honey. Methods for their detection

Conclusion

List of sources used

Introduction

Honey is a product of the processing of nectar or honeydew by honey bees, which is a sweet aromatic liquid or crystallized mass.

Honey and wax were the main products of Russia's internal trade as early as the 15th-17th centuries. and exported to Western Europe, bringing considerable income.

Currently, domestic beekeeping retains its traditions and achievements: the decline in agricultural production has not affected it much, since it has always been mainly engaged in private producers. If now in the world there is one bee colony per 1000 people, then in Russia it is only 25 people. At the same time, only 5-10% of nectar is used in our country - a small part of the opportunities that nature gives us.

Natural honey is not only a valuable food product, but also has pronounced therapeutic, dietary and preventive properties. However, obtaining natural bee honey is associated with significant material costs. High prices for natural honey make it a very tempting object of falsification.

Thus, the problem of commodity examination and consumer evaluation of honey becomes relevant.

Also important is the problem of contamination of food raw materials and food products (in particular honey) with foreign substances of chemical and biological origin.

This paper presents the main commodity characteristics of honey; requirements for the quality of honey, for the conditions of its storage. The main methods of falsification and methods for their detection are also considered.

1 Commodity characteristics and assortment of honey.

Honey is a nutritionally valuable sugary product that fills many gaps in nutrition and is a high-calorie food.

The main regulatory and technical document for honey is GOST 19792-87 “Natural honey. Specifications".

Fresh bee honey is a thick transparent semi-liquid mass, gradually crystallizing and hardening over time. The ability of honey to crystallize is its natural property, which does not affect its quality.

An important sign of quality is its density. The specific gravity of honey varies between 1.420 – 1.440 kg/l.

Candied honey indoors at a temperature of 35 ºС or in a water bath at a temperature of about 50 ºС.

Honey freezes at a temperature of -36 ºС, while its volume decreases by 10%, and increases when heated. So at a temperature of 25 ºС its volume increases by 5%.

The color of honey depends on the dyes in the nectar and can be different: colorless, light, lemon, golden, dark yellow, brown-green and even black. Honey is characterized by a delicate aroma that enhances its palatability. Bee honey has a wide range of flavor shades depending on the type of nectar source, shelf life, degree of heat treatment. It has a specific honey aroma peculiar only to it, which can be well expressed or veiled by a stronger floral smell. If the floral aroma for each type of honey is different, then honey is characteristic of all honeys, including sugar ones. Different varieties honeys differ in aroma, on the basis of which one can judge the quality of honey and, to some extent, the origin.

The aromatic substances of honey disappear with time. Especially if stored incorrectly. When heated or stored in a room with a high temperature, the aroma weakens or is replaced by an unpleasant odor.

Honey is a product of the processing by bees of the flower nectar (or honeydew) secreted by certain flowers. The bees, attracted by the bright colors and aroma of flowers, take a drop of nectar (40-50 mg) and fill their honey stomach with it. In order for nectar to turn into honey, it must undergo a series of changes. In the goiter of the bee, the moisture content of the nectar decreases and it is enriched with enzymes, amino acids, etc.

Sucrose begins to hydrolyze into invert sugar.

Bees store nectar for some time in the honey ventricle. Where he continues to undergo complex processing, which began in the goiter. A drop of nectar decreases in volume as a result of absorption of water by the cells of the honey ventricle. At the same time, the nectar, losing a significant part of the water, is saturated with enzymes secreted by the salivary glands of the bee. The nectar processed in this way is deposited in wax cells, which are filled to the top: the nectar ripening continues in them and after 2-4 days the sugar content in it reaches 70-80%. After thickening, the nectar is transferred to other cells, where its maturation ends and the nectar turns into honey.

After filling the wax cells with honey, the bees seal them. In this form, honey can be stored for a long time.

The enzymatic changes in the nectar in the combs mainly consist of a further inversion of sucrose. Honey ripens until almost all of the sucrose is hydrolyzed, and its moisture content drops to 20%. Simultaneously, there are synthetic processes of formation of flavoring, aromatic and other substances.

By botanical origin, honey is divided into flower, honeydew and mixed (a natural mixture of flower and honeydew honey). Flower honey is divided into monofloral and polyfloral.

Monofloral honey includes: acacia, sweet clover, clover, fireweed, lavender, linden, raspberry, sunflower, cottonseed, clover, sainfoin - light varieties; barberry, heather, cornflower blue, buckwheat, mint - dark.

Polyfloral (combined) varieties include: field, steppe, forest, fruit, mountain, etc.

Absolutely monofloral honeys are rare.

Lime honey is characterized by a light yellow or light amber color. It has a pleasant delicate aroma of linden flowers, which include farnesol and other terpenoid compounds. In liquid form, honey is transparent like water, with a greenish tinge.

Linden honey crystallizes at room temperature within one to two months into a fine-grained fat-like or coarse-grained mass.

Buckwheat honey differs in color palette from dark yellow to dark brown with a reddish tint, has a pleasant sharp specific taste and a peculiar aroma. In the crystallized state, honey is dark yellow or Brown color, fine and coarse-grained consistency.

Sunflower honey of a light golden color, which intensifies when exposed to sunlight. Upon crystallization, it becomes light amber, sometimes with a greenish tinge.

fireweed light-colored honey with a greenish tint, becomes white upon crystallization. It is characterized by a delicate taste and aroma. In liquid form, honey is transparent, like water, crystallizes very quickly into a fat-like or fine-grained mass.

acacia honey is white in color with a greenish tint, has a delicate and delicate aroma. Honey contains robinin, acacin (flavonoid glycosides), volatile oils. Acacia honey may not crystallize for a long time (from one to two or three years) at room temperature. Crystallizes in the form of a fine-grained mass. Acquisition of color from white to golden yellow. It has good taste qualities. During long-term storage, a darker intercrystalline liquid appears on the surface.

Cotton honey is distinguished by color: transparent, like water, or extra white. It has a delicate and peculiar aroma, pleasant taste. It crystallizes into a coarse-grained mass within two or more months. Freshly harvested by bees has a taste characteristic of the juice of the plant itself. And which disappears as the honey ripens. Mature honey has a delicate, but peculiar taste and aroma.

Clover honey is of two types. white clover liquid honey is white. Transparent, with a greenish tinge, has a delicate and delicate aroma. Honey contains flavonoids, volatile oils, phenolic compounds. Resins, coumarin derivatives. During crystallization, it takes the form of a white fat-like mass. It has a mild aroma of clover flowers, good taste. Crystallizes within one to two months.

red clover red-yellow honey, crystallizes relatively slowly. Taste and aroma are the same as white clover honey.

sainfoin white honey. Sometimes with a greenish tint. With a delicate and delicate aroma. Pleasant, moderately sweet taste. It crystallizes into a fine-grained or greasy mass within one to two months.

Heather honey is characterized by dark amber or red-brown color, strong specific aroma, tart taste. This honey is very viscous, it is pumped out of the combs with great difficulty or not pumped out at all. With stirring or shaking, its gelatinous consistency is destroyed, and it becomes liquid, but thickens again during subsequent storage. It slowly crystallizes. Microscopic examination of this type of honey shows needle-shaped crystals, which distinguishes it from other types of honey.

Crimson honey in liquid form is white or transparent, like water, in crystallized it is white with a creamy tint. It crystallizes into fine and coarse-grained mass. Sweet without aftertaste, the aroma is somewhat reminiscent of vanilla. With abundant release of nectar, this feature in the aroma becomes less noticeable.

coriander honey has a dark color, characteristic specific aroma and taste. It contains terpenoid compounds that give it a specific aroma. It crystallizes within one to two months into a coarse-grained or greasy mass.

Other types of monofloral honey are also obtained in small quantities. However, they are not widely used.

honeydew honey is obtained as a result of the processing by bees of insect honeydew and honeydew collected from the leaves and stems of plants. The color of honeydew honey is changeable, the aroma is weak.

Not suitable for human food poisonous honey, which is sometimes collected by bees from poisonous plants (rhododendron, azalea, mountain laurel and some others).

According to the method of obtaining, the following types of honey are distinguished:

pressed - isolated from honeycombs by pressing with or without moderate heating;

centrifuged - the most common type of honey obtained by centrifugation;

honeycomb - honey not isolated from honeycombs.

One and the same type of honey can be divided by geographical origin (for example, lime Belarusian, lime Far East, lime Ukrainian, lime Caucasian, lime Bashkir, etc.

Depending on the type of origin, there are known types of honey that cannot be considered natural. These include sugar honey, honey from fruit juices, vitamin and artificial. They should be considered as counterfeits of a natural product.

Sugar honey is a product of sugar syrup processing by bees. Sucrose, which is the syrup, undergoes hydrolysis under the action of bee enzymes. The resulting honey, like natural honey, consists mainly of fructose and glucose. As a result of processing, bees introduce enzymes, ash elements, vitamins and bactericidal substances into it. However, it does not contain aromatic substances and other valuable components that pass into honey from flower nectar.

Honey from sweet fruit juices is obtained by bees at a time when there is no nectar bribe, and the bees take juice from ripe raspberries, grapes, cherries, etc. Some beekeepers feed a specially prepared syrup from fruit or vegetable juices with added sugar and get it like this called express honey. The honey obtained in this way differs from the natural one by a high content of mineral salts, acids, substances indigestible in the intestines of bees, etc.

Vitamin and medicinal honey bees produce from sugar syrup with the addition of syrups and juices rich in vitamins (blackcurrant, carrot, etc.). However, the increased content of vitamins in such honeys is not detected, since the bees change their amount to the level of their need. According to the main indicators, this honey is no different from sugar and is a fake.

Artificial honey is obtained from sugar without the participation of a bee. By appearance it is similar to bee honey, but differs from it in chemical composition, taste and, especially, aroma. To prepare artificial honey, a small amount is added to sugar syrup. citric acid and heat up. Sucrose is hydrolyzed into equal amounts of glucose and fructose. Artificial honey can also be flavored by adding 10-20% natural honey or essence.

Flower honey is not divided into commercial varieties. It should be transparent, syrupy or crystallized, without mechanical impurities and signs of fermentation.

2 Nutritional value and chemical composition of honey

The chemical composition of honey is not constant and depends on the source of nectar collection, the area where nectar plants grow, the time of collection, the maturity of honey, the breed of bees, weather and climatic conditions, etc. However, some features of the composition of honey are characteristic and typical. The composition of honey is very complex, it contains about 300 different components, 100 of them are constant and are present in each form. The comparative composition of honey of different types is presented in table 1.

Table - 1 Comparative composition of flower, honeydew and sugar honey.

Indicators,%	Floral				honeydew			Sugar
	According to A.F. Gubin	According to A.I. Arinkina	According to V.G. Chudakov		According to A.F. Gubin	According to V.G. Chudakov		According to V.G. Chudakov
	According to A.F. Gubin	According to A.I. Arinkina	limits	Average	According to A.F. Gubin	limits	Average	limits	Average
Water	14,8 - 22,1	17,7 -23,6	12,0 - 25,0	19,0	16,8 - 18,0	14,0 - 22,0	16,0	14,0 - 21,0	16,9
Fructose	38,0 - 42,9	31,5 - 37,6	60,0 - 84,0	75,0	33,2 - 39,9	58,0 - 78,0	64,0	55,4 - 74,6	67,3
Glucose	33,4 - 39,0	28,7 - 36,7	–	–	29,5 - 34,9	–	–	–	–
sucrose	0,0 - 2,8	0,0 - 4,7	0,0 - 12,0	2,2	0,0 - 4,0	0,8 - 15,0	7,2	1,3 -20,1	6,9
Reducing disaccharides	–	2,2 - 6,8	1,1 - 10,0	6,6	–	1,0 - 16,0	8,8	–	–
higher sugars	2,0 - 7,9	0,1 - 2,6	0,0 - 8,0	2,1	7,0 - 12,2	0,3 - 19,0	7,5	–	–
Squirrels	0,04 - 0,2	0,08 -0,9	–	0,3	0,08 - 0,2	–	3,0	–	–
Nitrogenous non-protein compounds	0,2 - 0,4	–	–	–	0,4 - 0,6	–	–	–	–
Minerals	0,03 - 0,2	0,03 - 0,34	0,02 - 0,8	0,2	0,2 - 0,7	0,5 - 1,5	0,7	0,04 - 0,22	0,1
Total acidity, meq/kg	–	7,8 - 49,6	15,0 - 62,0	25,0	–	8,0 - 80,0	42,0	7,2 - 21,2	14,3
Active acidity, pH	3,9 - 5,6	3,8 - 5,2	3, - 6,5	3,9	4,2 - 6,2	3,7 - 5,6	4,5	3,5 - 3,9	3,7
Diastase number, units GOTH	–	–	1,0 - 50,0	14,0	–	6,7 - 48,0	29,0	2,0 - 14,3	8,6
Specific rotation, deg.	–	–	–	-8,4	–	-10 - +24	-0,17	-1,5 - +2,47	+0,26

The main part of honey is Sahara(glucose, fructose, maltose, trehalase, sucrose, etc.), the total content of which reaches 80%. Glucose and fructose occupy a large part in ripened honey, up to 80-90% of the sum of all sugars. This sugar content is final in ripened honey, up to 80-90% of the sum of all sugars. This sugar content is the final one in a series of enzymatic processes of plant and bee carbohydrases. The proportion of each type of sugar depends on the activity of enzymes, on the composition and origin of the raw materials from which honey is created, and on the maturity of honey. Maltose is synthesized during the ripening of honey, and its amount can reach 6-9%. Sucrose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme invertase and its content in unripe honey can reach 13-15%.

nitrogenous substances contained in the form of proteins and non-protein compounds. They get into honey from plants along with nectar, pollen, and also from the body of bees. The amount of proteins in flower honey is small: 0.08 - 0.40%; in heather and buckwheat it reaches 1.0%, and in honeydew honey of proteins 1.0-1.9%.

Protein substances are found in honey in a colloidal state. They, along with other colloids, cause the turbidity of honey and increase its foaminess during bottling, cause darkening when heated, and are also centers of crystallization during storage of honey.

In honey, enzymes such as: invertase, alpha- and beta-amylase, glucose oxidase, catalase, peroxidase, protease, acid phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase, lipase, reductase, ascorbic oxidase, phospholipase, inulase, glucokenase are identified.

Enzymes play an important role in the formation and maturation of honey, and are also of great importance for determining its naturalness and quality.

The main nitrogenous compounds are free amino acids. The content of free amino acids and the content of bound (protein) amino acids is doubled. In domestic honeys, 20 free amino acids have been identified, including ornithine and glutamine, which were discovered for the first time. The ratio of individual free amino acids in domestic monofloral honeys is presented in Table 2.

Table 2 - Total content and ratio of individual free amino acids in some monofloral honeys.

Name amino acids	Linden honey	Sainfoin honey	White acacia	Sunflower	Buckwheat honey	Phacelia honey
Total content, mg%	126,5	120,3	105,8	120,0	221,0	202,0
Incl. % content
Alanine	2,0	2,4	1,8	3,4	2,2	1,7
Valine	2,7	1,7	3,6	1,8	5,2	4,3
Leucine	0,5	0,7	1,3	0,8	3,8	3,7
Proline	3,1	2,7	2,8	3,4	23,8	21,1
Histidine + serine	0,6	1,1	1,4	Traces	0,5	0,4
Threonine	62,0	58,9	60,9	71,1	33,4	40,7
Methionine	10,4	7,2	2,2	3,7	1,4	4,7
Phenylalanine	3,8	5,9	9,4	2,4	7,0	3,7
Glutamic acid	1,4	2,1	3,0	5,2	7,4	4,2
Glutamine	0,2	0,5	0,2	Traces	0,3	0,3
Lysine	0,3	Traces	2,4	0,1	0,8	1,2
Tyrosine	0,6	0,6	0,4	Traces	4,6	1,6
Aspargin	0,8	Traces	0,5	Traces	0,5	Traces
Other amino acids	11,6	16,2	9,8	7,2	9,1	12,4

According to the composition of free amino acids and their content, honey of various botanical origins differ from each other. According to the quantitative ratio of individual free amino acids, it is possible to determine the botanical origin of honey.

Proteins and free amino acids are not quantitatively important components of honey and do not play a big role in increasing its nutritional value. However, in their absence, characteristic aromatic substances inherent only to this product disappear, since enzymes, consisting of proteins, form the composition of honey for all the main components. With prolonged storage, aging of enzymes occurs, honey loses its specific aroma.

Honey has an acidic environment, as it contains organic (about 0.3%) and inorganic (0.03%) acids. Organic honey contains malic, citric, tartaric, gluconic, succinic, lactic, oxalic, pyruvic, sugar, acetic, formic, and some other acids; from inorganic - phosphoric, hydrochloric. These acids are found in honey in a free state, as well as in the form of salts. They get into honey from nectar, honeydew, pollen and secretions of bees, and are also synthesized in the process of enzymatic decomposition and oxidation of sugars. Honeydew honey is superior to flower honey in terms of total acidity.

The acidity of fermented honey increases due to the formation of acetic acid, and in highly overheated honey - due to the accumulation of formic and levulinic acids as a result of the destruction of hydroxymethylfurfural.

For flower honey, the pH value ranges from 3.2-6.5, for honeydew - 3.7-5.6, for linden 4.5-7.0. The value of active acidity is important for the enzymatic processes occurring in honey; the taste of honey is largely envy of it.

Honey contains minerals: macro- and microelements. Flower honey contains about 0.2-0.3% of minerals, and honeydew honey is much more - up to 1.6%. The mineral composition of honey depends on the type of melliferous vegetation, the composition of the soil, and the impurities present (pollen, honeydew, etc.). Most authors are of the opinion that dark honey contains a higher percentage of minerals than light honey; in polyfloral honey, the composition of elements is more diverse than in monofloral honey. Ash elements are part of many enzymes and therefore play an important role in the biochemical processes occurring in plants, nectar, and honey.

Honey, as a natural plant and animal product, has no equal in terms of the number of trace elements. It contains 37 macro- and microelements, including phosphorus, iron, copper, calcium, lead, vanadium, germanium, bismuth, titanium, cobalt, nickel, gold, silver, etc. By the amount of some minerals, honey is close to human serum ( Table 3).

Table 3 - The content of minerals in 100 g of honey (average data)

Honey contains a small amount of various vitamins, mostly water-soluble (Table 7).

Table 4 - The content of vitamins in honey (average data)

The content of vitamin B 12 , K, carotene and choline was also revealed in honey.

The amount of vitamins in honey mainly depends on the presence of pollen in it. Experiments have shown that the removal of flower pollen by filtration leads to an almost complete absence of vitamins in honey.

Honey by nature has an acidic environment, which contributes to the slow destruction of vitamins during storage.

Dyestuffs- these are plant pigments that have passed into honey along with nectar and are represented by fat- and water-soluble substances. Fat-soluble pigments present in honey (derivatives of carotene, xanthophyll, chlorophyll) give a yellow or greenish tint to light-colored honeys. Coloring substances of dark honeys are water-soluble - these are mainly anthocyanins, tannins. The color of honey is also affected by melanoidins, which accumulate during long-term storage and heating of honey and give it a dark brown color. The composition of the coloring substances of honey depends on its botanical origin, so their determination can significantly increase the reliability of determining the type of honey.

In honey, about 200 aromatic substances, and in the future, the number of identified compounds can reach 500 or more, since the flower honey of each particular species has its own set of volatile substances that have passed into it along with the nectar.

Lipids are present in honey in small quantities and are determined only as a percentage of individual fractions.

3 Quality requirements.

The quality assessment of natural bee honey is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 19792-87, which applies to honey harvested and sold in various commercial enterprises of all forms of ownership. In accordance with GOST 19792-87, natural honey in terms of organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters must meet the following requirements, which are presented in Table 8.

Table 5 - Organoleptic and physico-chemical parameters of natural honey according to GOST 19792-87

Indicators	Characteristics of honey quality and norm
Indicators	All types, except honey from white acacia and cotton	From white acacia	From cotton
Aroma	Pleasant, low to strong, no foreign odor		Pleasant, tender, characteristic of cotton honey
Taste	Sweet, pleasant, without foreign aftertaste
The result of pollen analysis	-	The presence of pollen grains
The result of pollen analysis	-	white locust	cotton
Mass fraction of water, % no more	21	21	19
Mass fraction of reducing sugars (to anhydrous substance), %, not less than	82	76	86
Mass fraction of sucrose (to anhydrous substance),%, no more	6	10	5
Diastase number (to anhydrous substance), units Gothe, no less	7	5	7
Oxymethylfurfural, mc/kg of honey, no more	25	25	25
Qualitative reaction to hydroxymethylfurfural	negative
Mechanical impurities	Not allowed
Signs of fermentation	Same
Mass fraction of tin, %	0,01	0,01	0,01

Of the organoleptic indicators in honey, color, taste, aroma, consistency, the presence of impurities, signs of fermentation are checked.

When heated and stored for a long time, honey darkens, in a crystallized state it has a lighter color, since the precipitated glucose crystals are white.

The color of honey is determined organoleptically using a Pfund comparator or on a photoelectrocalorimeter.

The use of physical methods allows you to accurately determine the color of honey in accordance with the color scale (Table 6).

Table 6 - Color classes of honey and their corresponding values of optical densities and Pfund scale

Aroma honey is due to a complex of aromatic substances. Each type of honey has a specific, peculiar only to him, the aroma of flowers - sources of nectar. Based on this indicator, one can judge the quality and, to some extent, the botanical origin of honey. The intensity of the aroma depends on the quality and composition of the volatile aromatic compounds.

The evaluation of the aroma is carried out twice: before and during the determination of taste, since the aroma is enhanced when honey is in the oral cavity. In the absence of aroma or its insufficient severity, honey must be heated. A sample of honey (about 40 g), tightly closed in a glass. It is placed in a water bath (40-45 ºС) for 10 minutes, then the lid is removed and the aroma is determined, which serves as the most objective indicator in the organoleptic evaluation of honey. It can be weak, strong, gentle. subtle, with a pleasant and unpleasant odor. Some types of honey (clover, buckwheat, heather, linden, willow) are very aromatic. They have the smell of flowers from which they are collected, and such as fireweed, sunflower, rapeseed, have a slight floral aroma.

It should be borne in mind that some honeydew honeys have an unattractive and even unpleasant odor. A weak aroma is usually found in old and heated honey.

Taste honey is usually sweet, pleasant. The sweetness of honey depends on the concentration of sugars and their type. The sweetest, sugary taste has white acacia, as well as honey from fruit trees, in which there is a high content of fructose. The best in terms of taste are such types of honey as linden, white acacia, sainfoin, clover, fireweed, sweet clover, raspberry, etc.; lower quality are heather, honeydew, eucalyptus. Some varieties of honey, such as chestnut, tobacco, willow, honeydew, have a peculiar bitterness that can be very strong.

Honey aged at high temperature has a caramel flavor, which is unacceptable. Honey with excessively sour, rancid, moldy and fermented tastes is also unacceptable.

The taste of honey is determined after preliminary heating of the honey sample to 30ºС in a closed glass box.

The sale of honey with sour, bitter and other unpleasant flavors is prohibited. A slightly bitter taste is allowed in chestnut, willow, tobacco and honeydew honey.

Consistency honey depends on its chemical composition, temperature, shelf life. According to the consistency of liquid honey, its water content and maturity are judged. It can be liquid, viscous, very viscous, dense or mixed. Freshly extracted honey is a viscous syrupy liquid. When flowing, a trickle of such honey resembles a roll of matter, which is folded in layers into a pyramid. On further storage, it crystallizes. The consistency is determined by immersing the spatula in honey (20ºС) and, raising the spatula above the solution, note the nature of the flow of honey. Overheated honey, when draining into a saucer, forms a hole.

Viscous honey - a significant amount of honey remains on the spatula, it flows down with rare threads and elongated drops. This consistency is inherent in most types of ripe flower honey.

Dense consistency - the spatula is immersed in honey as a result of the application of additional force. The honey has crystallized.

Mixed consistency - in honey, stratification into two parts is observed: below - precipitated glucose crystals, forming a continuous layer, and above it is a liquid part. It is observed during the crystallization of honey subjected to heat treatment, as well as in the first months of storage of honey, with falsification with sugar syrup.

If there is much less liquid sludge than dense sludge, then this indicates the storage of honey in an airtight container. Such honey after mixing is released for sale.

The presence of pollen impurities in honey determines the degree of its purity. Flower honey always contains pollen impurities. Its content is insignificant, but it enriches honey with vitamins, proteins, ash elements. The presence of pollen from a certain type of plant serves as confirmation of the botanical origin of honey. To establish the botanical type of honey, it is necessary that the percentage of pollen be not lower: for lavender - 10; sage - 20; in acacia, heather, buckwheat, clover, linden, alfalfa, rapeseed, citrus - 30; sunflower - 35; chestnut, sainfoin - 45.

When organoleptically assessing honey, attention is paid to the presence of foam and signs of fermentation. Fermentation most often occurs in immature honey, in which the water content reaches 22% and above. This creates favorable conditions for the development of wild races of yeast, always contained in honey. Fermentation is manifested in the appearance of a large number of bubbles of carbon dioxide, sour smell and taste.

The procedure for determining the standard physical and chemical indicators of honey quality is described in the current GOST 19792-87.

Water content in honey characterizes its maturity and determines suitability for long-term storage. Mature honey has a moisture content of not more than 20%, crystallizes into a homogeneous mass, can be stored for a long time without losing its natural qualities. Unripe honey quickly undergoes fermentation. The humidity of honey depends on the climatic conditions during the honey collection season, on the ratio of sugars (the more fructose, the higher the humidity), storage conditions.

The maximum moisture content of honey allowed by GOST - 21% (for industrial processing and public - 25%) - is slightly higher than that which mature honey should have. This concession to beekeepers is due to the fact that in some regions of Russia, especially in Siberia and the Far East, honey comes with a moisture content of 21-22% or more. An increased water content can also be found in honey adulterated with water or liquid sugar syrup.

The moisture content of honey can be determined by the refractometric method (GOST 19792-87), also by the density of honey or its aqueous solution.

Determination of the quantitative content of reducing (inert) sugars in honey is based on the reduction of reducing sugars with Fehling's solution and their subsequent iodometric titration.

diastase number characterizes the activity of amylolytic enzymes and is an indicator of the degree of heating and duration of storage of honey.

The content of hydroxymethylfurfural characterizes the naturalness of honey and the degree of preservation of its natural qualities. When carbohydrate products are heated with acid, along with the breakdown of sucrose and starch into simple sugars, glucose and fructose are partially decomposed to form hydroxymethylfurfural. The same reaction occurs when honey is heated at a temperature above 55ºС for 12 hours or when it is stored at room conditions (20 - 25ºС) in an aluminum container. The standard provides for a qualitative reaction to hydroxymethylfurfural. It must be negative and its quantitative content is normalized, not more than 25 mg/kg of honey.

4 Storage and possible defects of honey.

Mature honey in favorable conditions retains its natural properties for a long time. However, during the storage of honey, its consumer properties deteriorate. The main defects of honey are high humidity, fermentation, foaming, the appearance of a looser white layer on the surface, a dark liquid, the presence of foreign odors, and darkening.

High humidity is usually found in unripe honey. With a slight excess of humidity (by 1-2%) above the standard, immediately after pumping out, it is necessary to withstand hermetically sealed containers at a temperature of 15-20ºС for 1 month.

When pumping honey with a moisture content of 23-25%, it is necessary to carry out water desorption. This is achieved by settling honey in special containers or settling tanks. Honey is kept at a temperature of 40-45ºС and air humidity of 40-50% for a long time in a small container, which increases the density of water evaporation.

Foaming of honey occurs during its long mixing, as well as repeated transfusion of honey with a high content of protein substances. It manifests itself in the form of abundant small air bubbles located on the surface or in the entire volume. Eliminate by heating honey at 50ºС for 5 hours and subsequent settling.

A loose white layer appears on the surface when honey with a high glucose content is stored. The defect is eliminated by thorough mixing of bee honey and subsequent storage at low temperatures.

Darkening of honey occurs during long-term storage at room conditions (20-25ºС) or its storage in aluminum containers. Darkens honey and after prolonged heating at high temperatures (over 60ºС). This effect is eliminated only when liquid honey is passed through filters made of bleaching clays. In other cases, such honey is not allowed for sale.

Foreign odors. Their appearance occurs due to the sorption of substances from strong-smelling products, as well as after treatment of the hives with formic, oxalic acids, naphthalene, phenotisian and other substances. If there is no source of extraneous aromatic substances, then these odors can be removed by keeping honey in vacuum apparatus, constantly stirring for 5-10 hours at a honey solution temperature of 40-45ºС and a residual pressure of 8-10 kPa. If, after such processing, foreign odors remain in the honey, then it should be used only for technical purposes.

Bee natural honey after pumping out of combs and packaging in containers is placed in storage with different temperature and humidity conditions.

Subject to optimal storage conditions, honey can be stored in a properly selected container for up to two years. The packaging of honey in small containers in beekeeping farms is promising, since in this case there is no storage process between honey extraction, processing and packaging. Finished products already prepared for sale are stored.

The number of beekeeping farms with technological lines for pumping, primary, processing and packaging of honey in small containers is insignificant in Russia. Therefore, honey is often stored in warehouses for a long time after being pumped out of the combs to accumulate large batches of the product in order to save transportation costs.

Warehouses can be heated and unheated. Most often, unheated storage facilities are used, which makes it difficult to create optimal modes of honey storage. In these cases, it is necessary to observe the following rules for storing bee honey. When storing honey in an unheated room, the air temperature of which is regulated only by natural ventilation, it is necessary to place containers with honey (barrels, flasks) on pallets at a distance of at least 0.2 m from the floor and 0.5 m from the walls, two - three tiers, with naive holes (neck) up. The boxes are stored in stacks up to two meters high, placing them on plank pads.

The storage temperature of honey varies depending on its moisture content. Honey with a water content of not more than 21% is stored at a temperature not exceeding 20ºС, with a water content of more than 20% - not higher than 10ºС. These regimes must be strictly observed, especially in the summer, when the possibility of honey fermentation increases.

When storing honey, one should take into account its high hygroscopicity. The optimal relative humidity for storage of non-hermetically packed honey is 60%, for honey in sealed packaging - up to 75%.

Storage of honey in heated warehouses with controlled air temperature is carried out on pallets and pallets. The use of pallets allows you to mechanize and automate the operation of moving containers with honey. Warehouses are used more rationally when pallets can be placed on a rack to a height of up to 5 m. Storage temperature conditions are the same as in unheated rooms.

When storing honey, the commodity neighborhood must be observed. You can not store with honey pungent products (petroleum products, pesticides, fish and fish products, spices, tea, coffee and other products), dusty substances (flour, cement, gypsum, etc.), as well as fruits, vegetables and products of their processing in leaky container. The room must be protected from the penetration of flies, wasps, bees, ants, etc. It is impossible to store honey in cooled low-temperature chambers. During storage in honey, enzymatic processes of stabilization of the composition of sugars continue, further decomposition of sugars into simpler substances occurs, accumulation of volatile compounds that give honey its specific honey aroma. At low temperatures, crystallization of glucose, melitsetose occurs.

In the process of storing honey in a sealed container, the content of free water decreases. For the first 10 days by 0.6 - 1.0%

and for the second decade by another 0.6 - 0.8%. During the crystallization of glucose, a part of free water is bound, which leads to its decrease due to the formation of crystalline hydrates. With further storage of honey in an unsealed container, the content of free water does not change significantly.

When storing in warehouses and storage facilities, it must be taken into account that the free water content may increase due to sorption by surface layers. When storing honey, packed in glass containers and closed with polyethylene lids, at room temperature, the free water content increases by 0.5 - 0.9% during the year, and by another 0.3% during the second year.

The main components of ripe flower honey - water, fructose, glucose - make up 90 - 95% of the total mass. Depending on the ratio of these components to each other, the crystallization process depends to varying degrees.

Glucose, compared to fructose, has a significantly lower solubility at 20ºС, therefore, the more glucose in honey, the higher the probability of its crystals falling out.

Fructose is highly soluble in water and does not precipitate in the form of crystals at an environmental humidity of up to 10%. In this regard, honey with a high content of fructose (heather, sage, chestnut, etc.) does not crystallize for a long time, and white acacia honey - for several years.

Honey can crystallize completely or partially.

With the complete crystallization of honey, the intercrystalline liquid envelops the glucose crystals. The intercrystalline liquid mainly contains fructose, free water, and water-soluble substances. At a high glucose content, the intercrystalline liquid may not cover some of the crystals. As a result, a loose, lighter layer appears on the surface of honey, which is mainly glucose (68.5%). This layer is less sweet, since glucose is one and a half times less sweet than honey, which contains 48% glucose.

During long-term storage, the crystals become denser, as a result, a darker intercrystalline liquid appears on the surface of the honey. More often, such a seal occurs in white acacia, chestnut and some other types of honey. This release of intercrystalline liquid worsens the appearance of honey, increases the risk of fermentation of honey sugars by yeast. Stirring honey eliminates this disadvantage.

When storing honey after pumping out in room conditions and with temperature fluctuations during the day, crystallization is incomplete, and glucose crystals are compacted and sink to the bottom of the vessel in the form of large agglomerates. In the upper layers, the intercrystalline liquid is concentrated, and the honey is stratified. The same process is also observed after heating honey during packaging at processing plants and subsequent storage in a store. Stirring honey contributes to the introduction of air into the inner layers, accelerates the process of glucose crystallization. The process of crystallization of glucose is especially accelerated with sharp fluctuations in the ambient temperature.

The rate of glucose crystallization is influenced by protein and mucous substances, which are the centers of crystallization. However, the presence of pollen grains of plants has the strongest effect on the number and size of crystals. The more these grains, the correspondingly more centers of crystallization and the smaller the size of the crystals themselves. Honey passed through filters made of sand or special types of clay does not crystallize for a long time, as it does not have protein, mucous substances and pollen grains.

Crystallization of glucose in honey does not change its average chemical composition and does not impair its nutritional, biological and nutritional properties. After 1-2 months. after pumping with the onset of cold weather, honey can quickly crystallize. Honey crystallizes faster at 10-15ºС. Glucose crystals may precipitate in different types depending on the number of crystallization centers. By the nature and speed of crystallization, one can judge the degree of maturity of honey and its botanical origin. Knowledge of the mechanism of crystallization allows you to control this process and obtain honey with certain consumer properties, as well as slow down and accelerate crystallization in natural conditions.

During the processing of nectar and during storage, enzymes change their activity. The loss of the enzymatic activity of honey depends on many factors: the conditions of honey collection, the strength of the bee colony, the duration and temperature of storage, the water content and the botanical origin of honey.

Storage of honey at room temperature (23-38ºС) causes a loss of diastatic activity in one month by an average of 2.95%, and in 20 months. storage, the loss of its activity reaches more than 50% of the original.

The corresponding half-life of diastase enzymatic activity under these conditions is 17 months. The decrease in diastatic activity at 20ºС for one month is 0.72%. Reducing the storage temperature dramatically reduces the loss of diastatic activity by increasing the viscosity of honey and crystallization of glucose.

The invertase activity of honey also decreases during storage. Lowering the storage temperature by 5-8ºС reduces the enzymatic activity by 1/5-1/6 of the initial activity. A decrease in the activity of individual enzymes leads to the accumulation of products of incomplete hydrolysis of sugars. At the beginning of honey storage, enzymes break down sugars into simple alcohols, aldehydes, ketones. However, during the “aging” of some enzymes, this chain of transformations is disrupted and it breaks with the accumulation of half-life products in honey. The longer the honey was stored, the shorter the chain of carbohydrate transformations, and more and more by-products accumulate. Some of these products are harmful to our body (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural and other furan and pyran derivatives).

Free amino acids of honey during storage interact with many other substances, and also undergo oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation and deamination. Free amino acids interact with sugars and form melanoidins. The accumulation of melanoidins leads to a darkening of honey, a decrease in the solubility of nitrogenous (protein) substances involved in the reaction, as well as a change in taste and aroma. In addition, there is now evidence that melanoidins have carcinogenic properties.

Honey acids also undergo changes during storage. In the initial period of storage, the organic acids of honey are mainly represented by acids that have passed into it along with the nectar. In the process of storage, honey accumulates such organic substances, which are products of the enzymatic decomposition of sugars. General view the amount of acids can be obtained by such an indicator as active acidity. The greatest change in active acidity occurs in the first month of storage, when the processes of honey ripening are actively taking place, and a honey aroma is formed. With further storage, there is a slight increase in the acidity of honey.

Ash substances, coloring substances that have passed into honey from nectar, do not change significantly during storage and are not synthesized in honey.

Aromatic substances are the most labile compounds in honey. Aromatic compounds of flower nectar are oxidized, reduced, hydrolyzed, esterified, resulting in a wide range of new substances. The longer honey is stored, the less original aromatic compounds of nectar remain and more and more derivatives of these substances appear. The aroma of flowers - sources of nectar - is weakened.

Storage of honey reduces its antimicrobial properties. The dependence of this process on the storage temperature has been established. After 12 months of storage of honey at a storage temperature of 8ºС, the antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus does not decrease, and at a temperature of 18ºС it decreases by 8.3-1.6% of the initial value.

Thus, during the storage of honey, there is a decrease in the activity of enzymes, a change in the composition of sugars, the accumulation of hydroxymethylfurfural, a weakening of antimicrobial properties and insignificant changes in the content organic acids and values of total and active acidity.

5 Means and methods of adulteration of honey. Methods for their detection

Methods of falsification of honey are numerous and varied: these are both crude, easily detectable fakes (mechanical impurities of flour, chalk and other fillers), and sophisticated ones that are difficult to detect (feeding bees with sugar syrup, etc.). During counterfeiting, one or more characteristics of the product are usually counterfeited, which makes it possible to distinguish several types of counterfeiting:

species (assortment);

quality;

· quantitative;

cost;

information;

For honey, species and quality falsifications are most characteristic. In case of specific (assortment) counterfeiting, it is carried out by full or partial replacement of the goods with its substitute of another type or name, while maintaining the similarities of one or more features.

Depending on the means of falsification, the similarity of the properties of the substitute and the falsifying product, the following methods of falsification are distinguished:

partial replacement of the product with water;

Adding a low-value substitute to the product that imitates a natural product;

replacement of a natural product with an imitator.

All substitutes used for specific (assortment) falsification are divided into two groups: food and non-food.

Food substitutes are cheaper food products that have a reduced nutritional value and are similar to a natural product in one or more ways.

Non-food substitutes are classified as organic or mineral products and are not suitable for food purposes. As non-food substitutes, chalk, gypsum, lime, etc. are most often used.

With high-quality falsification, the counterfeiting of goods is carried out with the help of food and non-food additives to improve organoleptic properties, while maintaining or losing other consumer properties or replacing a product of a higher gradation with a lower one. The regrading of goods also belongs to high-quality falsification.

The most common fakes are sugar honey, artificial invert sugar and honey with sucrose. The production of sugar honey is considered falsification, and its sale under the guise of bee honey is prohibited.

When identifying sugar honey, the following data are taken into account: aroma (smell of old honeycombs), taste (fresh, empty), consistency (freshly pumped - liquid, during storage - thick, sticky, gelatinous), pollen composition (absence of dominant pollen of one plant species), total acidity - no more than 1º; ash content is much lower than 0.1%, counterfeit has right rotation.

Currently, a number of methods have been proposed to determine the addition of sugar syrup or sugar honey with great reliability and accuracy. These methods are based on the detection of microimpurities of sugar (for example, bisulfite derivatives contained in sugar). Natural products do not contain these microimpurities.

The falsification of honey with sugar syrup is detected by adding a solution of silver nitrate to a 5-10% aqueous solution of honey; a white precipitate of silver chloride indicates the presence of sugar.

Artificially inverted sugar is detected by a reaction to hydroxymethylfurfural (with artificial inversion of sucrose, this substance is formed). In the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid and resorcinol, it gives a cherry red color.

An additional evidence of falsification of honey with inverted sugar is a low diastase number.

For the purpose of falsification, granulated sugar is added to honey at the initial signs of crystallization. After some time, honey is a uniform crystallized mass. Such falsification can be established by microscopic examination.

If granulated sugar is added to liquid honey, then it quickly precipitates, which is easily recognized organoleptically.

Flour or starch is added to honey to create the appearance of crystallization.

These impurities are detected by reactions to iodine or Lugol.

To increase the viscosity, gelatin is added to honey. At the same time, the taste and aroma deteriorate, diastase activity and the content of inverted sugar decrease.

To determine the admixture of gelatin in a test tube, an aqueous solution of honey and a solution of tannin are mixed. The formation of white flakes indicates the presence of gelatin in the honey.

Adding molasses to honey makes it worse organoleptic indicators(smell of molasses, high viscosity, etc.), reduces the content of reducing sugars and diastase activity. In addition, the counterfeit has a right rotation. The essence of qualitative reactions is that sugar syrup contains the trisaccharide raffinose and traces of chlorides. The most commonly used reactions are with silver nitrate and lead acetate.

An admixture of starch syrup is detected by its appearance, stickiness and the absence of crystallization of the cooled sample. It is possible to detect impurities of starch syrup by reactions with barium chloride, alcohol reaction.

There may be mechanical impurities in honey: sawdust, chalk and other bulk substances. To detect them, honey is dissolved in water, while impurities float or settle.

Old honey is identified by the presence of formic acid.

Solving the problem of determining the naturalness of bee honey can improve its quality. This requires reliable and reliable methods of quality control of honey.

Conclusions.

This course work summarizes the main provisions in the field of commodity examination of honey. The chemical composition, nutritional and biological value of various types of bee honey are considered, methods for assessing its qualities, possible methods of falsification and methods for their detection are shown. Information about the methods of technological processing of honey, requirements for storage conditions is given.

Variety of types of honey, its unique properties, high the nutritional value and taste qualities of this product open wide opportunities for the development of the honey market. At the same time, an increase in honey production entails an increase in the number of fakes on the market. In this regard, the responsibility of trade employees and representatives of regulatory organizations in matters of timely detection and withdrawal of these products is increasing. Such activities are impossible without a reliable toolkit of methods of examination and evaluation, raising the awareness of the population of trade workers.

List of sources used

The efforts of interested parties in strengthening the positions of domestic beekeeping include improving the requirements for product quality, harmonizing Russian standards with international and European counterparts. To this end, a national standard has been developed - GOST R 54644–2011 Natural honey. Specifications». It differs significantly from the current interstate standard GOST 19792–2001 “Natural honey. Specifications". The scope of the new standard states that it applies not only to honey produced in Russia, but also to honey sold on its territory. This will eliminate the unequal position of Russian honey in relation to imported honey, which has more liberal standards in terms of the content of hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and shelf life. In addition, the requirements for such a physical and chemical indicator as the mass fraction of water have been changed - no more than 20%. All indicators are given without conversion to absolutely dry matter.

Reference indicators are introduced into the new standard, which are determined in case of disagreements in assessing the quality of honey. These include methods for determining free acidity, electrical conductivity and proline, for which the maximum allowable content in natural honeys. These methods are harmonized with European ones.

Below are the requirements for the physicochemical parameters of honey, presented in Russian and foreign regulatory documents (table).

Both standards are currently in force in our country. From January 1, 2017, GOST 19792–2001 will cease to be valid on the territory of Russia.

The Technical Committee TC 432 "Beekeeping" has developed a number of national standards. Basically, they reflect the methods for determining individual indicators, harmonizing with international and European methods.

GOST R 53121–2008 “Med. Method for determining color " based on the photometric measurement of the light transmission of honey in relation to glycerin, followed by the identification of the color intensity of honey according to the Pfund color scale.

Requirements GOST R 53125–2008 “Med. Method for determining optical activity "- dissolution of honey in water, precipitation of protein substances and subsequent polarimetric measurement of the angle of rotation of the polarization plane of an aqueous solution of honey of a certain concentration.

The method presented in GOST R 52940–2008 “Med. Method for determining the frequency of occurrence of pollen grains ", is based on the concentration of pollen grains by centrifugation, the preparation of light microscopy preparations, the identification of a certain number of pollen grains, and the calculation of the percentage of pollen grains of individual species from the total number of pollen grains counted.

The essence of the method described in GOST R 53120–2008 “Med. Method for determining electrical conductivity ", consists in the electroconductometric measurement of the electrical conductivity of a 20% solution of honey in a cell with electrodes, the determination of the cell constant and the calculation of the electrical conductivity.

GOST R 52834–2007 Natural honey. Methods for the determination of hydroxymethylfurfural" includes four methods: high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), spectrophotometric according to White and photocolorimetric according to Winkler, as well as the Selivanov-Fige reaction.

The essence of the method described in GOST R 53877–2010 “Med. Method for determining pH and free acidity", consists in the potentiometric determination of the pH and the neutralization of free acids with a solution of sodium hydroxide to pH 8.3.

GOST R 53883–2010 “Med. Methods for determination of sugars»- in addition to the ferricyanide photocolorimetric method, the HPLC method is included in the standard, which meets modern requirements and allows the identification of certain mono-, di- and trisaccharides.

In addition, a national standard has been developed - GOST R 54386–2011 “Med. Methods for determining the activity of sucrase, diastase number, insoluble matter". It allows you to set the activity of sucrase - an enzyme that inverts sucrose to glucose and fructose, and an invert number characterizing the activity of honey sucrase. The standard also includes two new methods for determining the diastase number: the Sade method and the Fadebase method. He also establishes a gravimetric determination of the mass fraction of water-insoluble substances in honey.

In addition, standards for enzymatic methods for determining the mass fraction of glycerol and ethanol have been approved: GOST R 54948–2012 “Med. Method for determination of glycerin”, GOST R 54946–2012 “Med. Method for the determination of ethanol ".

Came out GOST R 53878–2010 “Med. Method for determination of honeydew honey". The standard establishes the quality indicators of honeydew honey and methods for their determination. Technical requirements include organoleptic, microscopic and physico-chemical parameters characterizing honeydew honey. Thus, for the first time, the ratio of the number of honeydew elements to the number of pollen grains of plants, the mass fraction of glucose and fructose in total, the mass fraction of melecytose, as well as three qualitative reactions to honeydew: calcareous, alcoholic and with lead acetate, were introduced.

It should be noted that the national standard put into effect - GOST R 54655–2011 Natural honey. Method for the determination of antibiotics ". It is based on the determination of residual amounts of antibiotics of the tetracycline group and levomycetin (chloramphenicol) using a solid-phase immunoassay. The limits of detection for tetracycline and rolitetracycline are 6 µg/kg, for chloramphenicol - 0.025 µg/kg.

Interstate standard approved - GOST 32483–2013 “Bee products. Method for determining the mass fraction of ash ". The method consists in the complete decomposition of the organic substances of the beekeeping product by burning the sample in an electric furnace under controlled temperature conditions and quantifying the resulting residue. The standard applies to the determination of the indicator in honey, flower pollen (pollen), royal jelly, propolis and bee bread.

The accuracy of all quantitative measurement methods presented in the standards is obtained under conditions of repeatability and reproducibility of results.

Two interstate standards are under development: GOST “Bee products. Atomic absorption method for determining the mineral composition" and GOST “Beekeeping. Terms and Definitions".

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Requirements for honey quality indicators. Veterinary and sanitary requirements for the quality and safety of honey

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